- Financial Accounting Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

- Financial Accounting - Essay Example See appendix 2 (Clarke 2010, pp. 71). (b): while preparing the cash budget, the sales increase by  £ 3,000 per month has been factored in. On a similar note, the quarterly payment of electricity cost and the reduction of the electricity by  £ 1,000 every month have been factored in. See appendix 3 (Albrecht 2007, pp. 901). (c): Working capital includes cash, inventory, marketable securities and account receivables. It is always advisable for business entities maintain a sufficient amount of cash, since it is the most liquid asset, to enable an entity’s operations to run effectively. Therefore, cash, account receivables and marketable securities are types of working capital that are constantly required to carry out the operations of a business entity. Kawasaki Ltd has two types of working capital under its management. They are the account receivables, the inventories and cash. Though the inventories are not as liquid as compared to cash, they can be converted to cash when the need arises (Bhattacharyya 2004, pp. 29-50). The company has a policy in place to regulate the account receivables. The policy states that the buyers have 30 days after sales to pay their dues. Therefore, the debtors’ payable period is 30 days. The period is short enough to reduce the amount of cash tied up on debts, thus, increases the cash availability for the company. In addition, the policy improves the revenue generated by the company, thus, improves the net income. Second, the company has formulated a policy that would see the inventory levels reduced during the low-demand season. The policy will see the inventory wastage eliminated; thus, eliminate the cost related to such wastage, thus. Improve the revenue. Third, based on the cash budget for Kawasaki Ltd, the cash balance increases every month. From the cash budgets, the cash availability in the company is sufficient enough to support the company’s operations. The cash levels should be

The Crisis Of Fordism Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3500 words

The Crisis Of Fordism - Essay Example The above mentioned process results to a phenomenon of mass worker, controlled in bureaucratic trade unions, which negotiate common wages that increase in relation to the production levels. The common consumption patterns indicate the homogenization of the working class and this leads to a market with homogeneous commodities and a match between demand and supply (Lipietz, 1984, p. 20). Notably, the balance between the supply and demand is achieved through the Keynesian macroeconomic policies, while the balance between wages and profits is obtained through collective bargaining power. The challenges of Fordism are economic, technical and social. To begin with, the technical challenges are characterized by the exhaustion of the increasing productivity by gaining economies of scale, intensifying labor and de-skilling of the workers. Secondly, the economic limits are characterized by declining rate of profits, which is as a result of falling productivity growth or limited market for the homogeneous consumer goods while the income rises. Finally, the social limits are characterized by the rapid growing pressure on managerial prerogative, profitability and on the public financed enhanced by the rising demands of the mass workers (Lipietz, 1984, p.30). From the year 1940 to around 1965, most of the industrialized countries took the advantage of the continuous growth and rapidly increasing rates of wages and profits in a parallel mode.... However, unlike in the earlier economic recessions, the above mentioned Fordist strategy did not help. Rather, the industrialized countries encountered a period of currency instability, continuous inflation and rapid growing rate of unemployment. Notably, the failure in the economic policy in the industrialized nations was caused by the globalization of production. For instance, the European, Japanese and American countries had been for a period of over thirty years expanding in order to gain economies of scale on a global level. In absence of any control by national governments, the international trading system practiced by the multinationals was coordinated by the global financial markets. As a result of the decline of the fixed exchange rates, the global competition among various currencies determined the internal economic principles of the international industrialized nations. For instance, reflation in one country was controlled by balance of payment crises, which in turn forced a rapid return to the deflationary policies (Frieden, 2007, p.120). After the governments of the industrialized nations lost control over their economies, the complete circle of increasing consumption and production was discontinued. Rather, the workers in the industrialized nations began to incur cuts in social benefits, mass rate of unemployment and stagnant money wages. As a result of the recurrence of the social difficulties of the past, new ways had to be implemented in order to solve the deepening crisis of Fordism. The Fordist crisis was an over accumulation crisis caused by the rapid spread of the various Fordist productions methods to the Japan and Western Europe, leading to a decline of profit rate and saturation of the global markets in the

Paradoxical Nature Of Organizational Culture, As Incorporating Essay

Paradoxical Nature Of Organizational Culture, As Incorporating Elements Of Both Stability And Change - Essay Example These paradoxes, according to popular opinion are a consequence of socially constructed management discourses, whereby concepts such as change and flexibility, centralization and decentralization, flexibility and control etc., tend to co-exist, and at times, encouraged and perceived as inevitable elements for organizational success. For the purpose of this study, the predominant and widely recognized organizational paradox of change and stability, will be discussed at length. Change and flexibility, with regard to organizational environment, are perceived as two of the most inherent and crucial tools of achieving organizational growth and success. Companies, all over the world, constantly use these elements to drive their organizations towards growth and ensure long-term sustainability in the marketplace, particularly in situations whereby the external environment is characterized by strong competition or when the companies are caught in the midst of a crisis. This paper aims to disc uss the paradoxical nature of organizational culture, with regard to incorporating the widely popular albeit highly contradictory elements of change and stability. ... , managers today, encourage continuous innovation, improvement and change within organizations in order to address the challenges posed by the economic environment. The management is faced with the persistent challenge of adapting to the continuous innovations taking place in the external environment and devise and implement appropriate change management policies within their organizations, accordingly. It is on account of this very reason that various authors and researchers have concluded that change takes precedence over stability in contemporary corporate environment (Daft, 2010). It is a widely established fact that in order to survive in this highly dynamic corporate environment, the firms are required to include elements of innovation, flexibility as well as change from time to time. However, at the same time, they are also required to ensure stability and reliability (Farjoun 2010). The existence of this duality of change and stability, is one of the most widely popular and e ssential paradoxes in the field of organizational management (March & Simon, 1958; Thompson, 1967; Weick, 1979) which has received widespread attention and recognition in the field of management research, over the years (Farjoun, 2010; Gupta, Smith & Shalley, 2006; Leana & Barry, 2000; Lok, 2006; Nelson & Winter: 1982; Schultze & Stabell, 2004; Smith & Lewis, 2011). Literature review There is a high level of awareness within the field of management, regarding the existence of paradoxes ultimately leading to a rise in complexity and ambiguity (Farson, 1996; Handy, 1994; O’Connor, 1995). Most of these terms are widely popular and predominant in changing organizations wherein change is given crucial significance (Lewis, 2000). Van de Ven and Poole (1988), hence, making the concept of

World war 2 through the 1970's Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

World war 2 through the 1970's - Research Paper Example There were several turning points in America through the 1970s. These were the points of time when a significant change occurred. They were also moments of decision. At this time, there were many changes taking place around the world. Millions were dead, and the United States had become a super power (Finkelman, 2005). A sweeping historical turning point during the Second World War through the 1970s was the Watergate scandal. This political scandal took place in 1972, in the United States. There was a break in at the Democratic National Committee headquarters in Washington DC at the Watergate office complex. At the time, Richard Nixon was the president and his administration attempted to cover up its involvement in the break in. During the investigation into the scandal, many things got found out. It became discovered that president Nixon was taping all the conversations in the white House. It was this tapes that when later they got handed over government investigators implicated the president to have got involved in the cover up. Money that also got found on the burglars got connected to a slush fund used by fundraising group for the re-election of the president. Nixon’s vice president Agnew also admitted to tax evasion. The scandal was a crucial turning point because it led Americans to have key mistrust within their leaders and thus begin to question their leadership skills. It had a vital political impact on politics because political leaders and everyone else are fully aware that no one is above the law. This is because this scandal led to the resignation of a United States president. In America today, there is closer examination of the procedures of the executive office by the public. It served as a civic lesson to the public. People began to pay keen attention to their leaders and started to question leaders in local and state offices. This scandal also asserted the judiciary’s power to bring justice and equality of opportunity. Another key historical turning point that occurred during the World War II through the 1970s was the civil rights movement. This was a worldwide political movement for equality before the law. It took place between 1950 and 1980 (Finkelman, 2005). It took the form of civil resistance and campaigns aimed at bringing change. In some places, it became accompanied by armed rebellion and civil unrest. In America, the social rights movements aimed at outlawing racial discrimination and restoring voting rights to blacks. These movements not only gave equality to African American’s but also women. This had a significant impact on America today as it eventually led to the first black president and women in politics are reaching for the glass ceiling. This movement in America ensured that today certain groups of people got allowed to hold the basic rights that are guaranteed in the constitution. African Americans and women have an equal opportunity to be wealthy and lead a good life. No oneâ€⠄¢s rights get limited by law in America today as previously was the case. This movement ensured that today there is equality of rights and opportunities in America (Finkelman, 2005). America in the late 1930s wanted to stay out of the European conflict that became the World War II. This was because World War I had ended just 15 years earlier, and it was still a fresh wound to many Americans. World War I killed people, cost money, damaged property and affected everyone who encountered it. Most of them believed that the lives lost in World War I were so many and it was not worth it. A majority of American population was opposed to any policy that could involve the United States in another bloody conflict. In the years after the world war I Americans had reached the conclusion that it had been a disastrous mistake to

Rational in Buying Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4750 words

Rational in Buying - Case Study Example The consumer obviously would like the personality traits to be that of his own. Characteristics that brands would like to associate with are a sense of dependability, understanding, and caring; a friend who is always there to care, respect, comfort, and enjoy (Brand Personality-The relationship Basis Model, groups.haas.berkeley.edu). It was thought that companies were responsible was the creation of a brand, or its managers and planners, but the reality is far from these. Brands are created by ordinary people like us. It is the extent to which it makes sense and the role it plays in a consumer's life that builds a brand. There are two questions which should be asked: How different are these brands, and how relevant is it to us, as consumers A product becomes a brand not when it talks about itself, but when people talk about it. Every single thing that one does builds a brand. 2.0 Executive Summary The three key elements of demographic segmentation variables are age, gender and the life cycle. Age is an important demographic variable in brand development and sales, as purchases vary from one demographic to another. Those in the age group of 12-18 would have a different view of a product than those in the 30-45 age brackets. This can change again with those 50 and above. So, how do marketers identify the needs of these age groups, and what are the parameters by which they can gauge the right demographic for expanding their market and brand Today, most consumers are aware of his/her rights and are well informed. Television, newspapers and magazines have only contributed to their better understanding of the world around them. Internet has gone a step ahead in educating and promoting awareness at the click of a button. So... The three key elements of demographic segmentation variables are age, gender and the life cycle. Age is an important demographic variable in brand development and sales, as purchases vary from one demographic to another. Those in the age group of 12-18 would have a different view of a product than those in the 30-45 age brackets. This can change again with those 50 and above. So, how do marketers identify the needs of these age groups, and what are the parameters by which they can gauge the right demographic for expanding their market and brand? Television, newspapers and magazines have only contributed to their better understanding of the world around them. Internet has gone a step ahead in educating and promoting awareness at the click of a button. So knowledgeable is today’s consumer that it becomes difficult for manufacturers and producers to associate themselves with them. However, there are certain influences that demarcate these demographics, the 4Ps of marketing namely , product, place, promotion, and price. These elements have a direct impact on a consumer’s buying rationale. In order to understand the topic on a consumer’s buying rationale on the three demographics, this paper explores the importance of branding, and the role of the 4Ps in influencing the buying behaviour.. Three age groups are considered for this analysis; 12-18, 30-45 and those over 55. The primary objective of this paper will be to research the factors that contribute to consumer buying rationale.

A critical assessment of a marketing execution Essay - 2

A critical assessment of a marketing execution - Essay Example Hofstede makes it easy for people studying in the area of global marketing especially executing efficient strategies to understand concepts in the same area. The Hofstede model emerges on top of other models developed over the past fifteen years because of its application in advertising as well as global marketing. Different global institutions continue to apply the model by Geert Hofstede of national culture during the whole marketing and global branding exercise. Hofstede’s dimensional framework contributes to the development of theories relating to the behaviour depicted by consumers. Other scholars further develop the theory by explaining it in terms of differences that exist in the concepts of personality, self, and identity (Lee, 1966, 112). The elements, then help in explaining differences in the strategy of communication and branding. They also cover processing of information among them variations in categorisation and perception with impact on both mass communication and interpersonal communication aspects. The way marketing works also fall in this category. This paper takes a critical evaluation of the application of Hofstede’s cultural dimensional model in Italy and Canada. At the end, the author of the paper gives his views on the implications of the model when Canadian marketers present their views on the marketing environment in Italy. Cultural elements in Italy and Canada are several and include among others materi al culture, aesthetics, language, religion, education, social organisation as well as values and attitudes. A reflection of values of the society and nature takes place through the language. Canadians speak English while Italians speak Latin. Both Canada and Italy boarder countries some of which speak different languages from what the natives in the two countries speak. The influence of Espanyol in Canada as well as the influence of English and French in Italy leads to the development of sub-cultural languages in form

Unit 5 DB - Regression Analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Unit 5 DB - Regression Analysis - Essay Example Linear regression is the type of regression which identifies the relationship of two significant variables (dependent and independent) (Seber & Lee, 2012). For example the analyst would try to relate the haziness of aircraft’s glass (dependent variable) with ice deposits (independent variable). Linear regression signifies the direct relationship between two such variables (Weisberg, 2005). The following equation represents the regression equation, where Y is the dependent variable which is dependent on X independent variables, a is the intercept while b denotes slope of the line X (Hoffmann, 2005). In the section of criminal justice, the analysts often use multiple analytical tools to make better judgments and decisions on the field. Regression is one tool which criminologists often apply to identify relationships between two adjacent variables like crime conviction or criminal’s behaviors. Analysts use regression coefficients to identify which strategy is more effective than the other on crime control section. According to one report of Federal government, a number of researchers came out from University of Nebraska in the year 1990, who utilized regression analysis tool to assess the influence of investment on crime rates. The analysis identified the relationship between two variables by identification of correlations and linear equation, which are fundamentally deterministic by linear regression analysis tool. This came out to be a sufficient tool of correlation analysis which later on got applied in the criminal justice section. Still today several criminologists us e linear regression model to identify the relationship of two significant variables (Weisburd & Britt, 2007, p.